Recombinant lactococcus lactis expressing escherichia coli colonization factor antigen i (cfa/i) fimbriae and their methods of use

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates generally to therapeutic compositions comprising recombinant bacteria. Further, the disclosure elaborates upon methods of utilizing the taught therapeutic compositions to treat autoimmune and inflammatory disease. The present teachings also relate to the disclosed recombinant bacteria and methods of producing the recombinant bacteria utilized in the compositions and methods. Further taught herein are dietary supplements and food additive compositions comprising the taught recombinant bacteria.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/704,672, filed Sep. 24, 2012, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF GOVERNMENTAL SUPPORT

This invention was made with government support under Contract No. NIH P01 AT004986, awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to therapeutic compositions comprising recombinant bacteria. Further, the disclosure elaborates upon methods of utilizing the taught therapeutic compositions to treat autoimmune and inflammatory disease. The present teachings also relate to the disclosed recombinant bacteria and methods of producing the recombinant bacteria utilized in the compositions and methods. Further taught herein are dietary supplements and food additive compositions comprising the taught recombinant bacteria.

BACKGROUND

Targeted immunotherapy is a highly developed approach for treating chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, allograft rejections, and malignancies. Immunotherapy for autoimmune disorders is also especially attractive for correcting inflammatory diseases without having to resort to immunosuppressive drug therapies. (Kochetkova, 2008).

Autoimmune diseases are characterized by the body's immune responses being directed against its own tissues, causing prolonged inflammation and subsequent tissue destruction. For instance, autoimmune disorders can cause immune-responsive cells to attack the linings of the joints or trigger immune cells to attack the insulin-producing islet cells of the pancreas, leading to rheumatoid arthritis and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus respectively.

In contrast, a healthy immune system recognizes, identifies, remembers, attacks, and destroys bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, cancer cells, or any health-damaging agents not normally present in the body. A defective immune system, on the other hand, wreaks havoc throughout the host by directing antibodies against its own tissues as well as cell-mediated immune responses.

Generally, a disease in which cytotoxic cells are directed against self-antigens in the body's tissues is considered autoimmune in nature. Such diseases include celiac disease, Crohn's disease, pancreatitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and other endocrinopathies. Allergies and multiple sclerosis are also the result of disordered immune functioning.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an important autoimmune disease that inflicts roughly 0.5 to 1% of the human population worldwide. (Scott, 2010). In 2010, RA resulted in approximately 49,000 deaths globally. (Lozano, 2012). Rheumatoid arthritis results in a chronic, systemic inflammatory disorder that may affect many tissues and organs, but principally attacks synovial joints. RA can be a disabling and painful condition, which can lead to substantial loss of mobility if not adequately treated. The etiology of RA is still unknown, but hereditary factors and possible infectious agents (bacteria and viruses) are assumed to participate in the disease initiation. (Kochetkova, 2008). RA is mediated by T cells, predominantly CD4⁺ T cells, and proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-1, are considered responsible for orchestrating pathogenesis. Id.

The design of therapeutic agents and vaccines capable of preventing or reversing chronic inflammation is of particular interest to the medical community.

Thus, the development of such a therapeutic is urgently needed in the art.

Furthermore, there is a need in the art for dietary supplements and food additives comprising elements that are beneficial to a subject's immune response.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The present disclosure addresses a critical need in the medical community by developing a recombinant Gram-positive bacterial vector that successfully expresses enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli colonization factor antigen I fimbriae.

Before the present disclosure, there had not been a successful expression of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) fimbriae in Gram-positive bacteria. The present inventors have surprisingly discovered that through the methods taught herein, one is able to insert and successfully express, E. coli CFA/I fimbriae in a Gram-positive bacteria.

The disclosure therefore presents therapeutic compositions comprising recombinant Gram-positive bacteria expressing ETEC CFA/I fimbriae that are beneficial for treating an autoimmune disease or disorder.

Furthermore, the present therapeutic compositions comprising the recombinant Gram-positive bacteria expressing ETEC CFA/I fimbriae are beneficial for treating an inflammatory disease or disorder.

The product produced by the recombinant bacteria taught herein provides beneficial properties for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. That is, the peptide sequences expressed by the taught recombinant bacteria are demonstrated to be beneficial for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.

In a particular embodiment, the recombinant Gram-positive bacteria expressing the ETEC CFA/I fimbriae belong to the lactic acid bacterial clade. Some embodiments utilize members of the Order Lactobacillales as the recombinant bacterial host for the ETEC CFA/I fimbriae gene. Yet other embodiments employ members of the Family Streptococcaceae as the recombinant bacterial host for the ETEC CFA/I fimbriae gene. Yet still other embodiments use bacteria from the Genus Lactococcus to host the ETEC CFA/I fimbriae gene. One particular embodiment, utilizes the bacterial Species Lactococcus lactis to host the ETEC CFA/I fimbriae gene.

The compositions presented herein are suitable for combination with any known pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, buffer, excipient, adjuvant, or mixture thereof

The compositions presented herein may in some embodiments be placed within foodstuffs, such as: beverages, dairy products, yogurts, fermented food products, and the like, as feasible and consumer friendly delivery vehicles.

The compositions taught herein may also be delivered in food supplements, such as: powdered compositions comprising the taught recombinant bacterial cells, encapsulated compositions comprising the taught recombinant bacterial cells, or any liquid formulation comprising the taught recombinant bacterial cells.

In embodiments, the recombinant Gram-positive bacterial cell comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for ETEC CFA/I fimbriae comprises sequences coding for at least one gene selected from the group consisting of cfaA, cfaB, cfaC, and cfaE.

In certain embodiments, the recombinant Gram-positive bacterial cells contain nucleotide sequences coding for the cfaA gene. In other embodiments, the recombinant Gram-positive bacterial cells contain nucleotide sequences coding for the cfaB gene. In yet other embodiments, the recombinant Gram-positive bacterial cells contain nucleotide sequences coding for the cfaC gene. Further still, the recombinant Gram-positive bacterial cells may contain nucleotide sequences coding for the cfaE gene. Also disclosed are recombinant Gram-positive bacterial cells containing nucleotide sequences coding for the cfaB and cfaE gene.

In certain embodiments, the recombinant Gram-positive bacteria comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for at least one gene selected from the group consisting of cfaA, cfaB, cfaC, and cfaE, is a bacteria from the Genus Lactococcus.

In certain embodiments, a recombinant Lactococcus bacterial cell contains nucleotide sequences coding for the cfaA gene. In other embodiments, a recombinant Lactococcus bacterial cell contains nucleotide sequences coding for the cfaB gene. In yet other embodiments, a recombinant Lactococcus bacterial cell contains nucleotide sequences coding for the cfaC gene. Further still, a recombinant Lactococcus bacterial cell may contain nucleotide sequences coding for the cfaE gene. Also disclosed are recombinant Lactococcus bacterial cells containing nucleotide sequences coding for the cfaB and cfaE gene.

In certain embodiments, the recombinant Gram-positive bacteria comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for at least one gene selected from the group consisting of cfaA, cfaB, cfaC, and cfaE, is a Lactococcus lactis bacterial species.

In certain embodiments, a recombinant Lactococcus lactis bacterial cell contains nucleotide sequences coding for the cfaA gene. In other embodiments, a recombinant Lactococcus lactis bacterial cell contains nucleotide sequences coding for the cfaB gene. In yet other embodiments, a recombinant Lactococcus lactis bacterial cell contains nucleotide sequences coding for the cfaC gene. Further still, a recombinant Lactococcus lactis bacterial cell may contain nucleotide sequences coding for the cfaE gene. Also disclosed are recombinant Lactococcus lactis bacterial cells containing nucleotide sequences coding for the cfaB and cfaE gene.

In embodiments, the recombinant Gram-positive bacterial cell comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for ETEC CFA/I fimbriae comprises sequences coding for at least one gene selected from the group consisting of cfaA, cfaB, cfaC, and cfaE, and at least one of these genes are expressed by the Gram-positive bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, the cfaA gene is expressed in the Gram-positive bacteria. In other embodiments, the cfaB gene is expressed in the Gram-positive bacteria. In yet other embodiments, the cfaC gene is expressed in the Gram-positive bacteria. Yet other embodiments demonstrate that the cfaE gene is expressed in the Gram-positive bacteria. Furthermore, any combination of the aforementioned genes can be expressed in the Gram-positive bacteria, for instance in some embodiments both the cfaB and cfaE genes are expressed.

In embodiments, the recombinant Lactococcus bacterial cell comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for ETEC CFA/I fimbriae comprises sequences coding for at least one gene selected from the group consisting of cfaA, cfaB, cfaC, and cfaE, and at least one of these genes are expressed by the Lactococcus bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, the cfaA gene is expressed in the Lactococcus bacterial cell. In other embodiments, the cfaB gene is expressed in the Lactococcus bacterial cell. In yet other embodiments, the cfaC gene is expressed in the Lactococcus bacterial cell. Yet other embodiments demonstrate that the cfaE gene is expressed in the Lactococcus bacterial cell. Furthermore, any combination of the aforementioned genes can be expressed in the Lactococcus bacterial cell, for instance in some embodiments both the cfaB and cfaE genes are expressed.

In embodiments, the recombinant Lactococcus lactis bacterial cell comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for ETEC CFA/I fimbriae comprises sequences coding for at least one gene selected from the group consisting of cfaA, cfaB, cfaC, and cfaE, and at least one of these genes are expressed by the Lactococcus lactis bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, the cfaA gene is expressed in the Lactococcus lactis bacterial cell. In other embodiments, the cfaB gene is expressed in the Lactococcus lactis bacterial cell. In yet other embodiments, the cfaC gene is expressed in the Lactococcus lactis bacterial cell. Yet other embodiments demonstrate that the cfaE gene is expressed in the Lactococcus lactis bacterial cell. Furthermore, any combination of the aforementioned genes can be expressed in the Lactococcus lactis bacterial cell, for instance in some embodiments both the cfaB and cfaE genes are expressed.

In embodiments, the recombinant Gram-positive bacterial cell comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for ETEC CFA/I fimbriae comprises SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the recombinant Gram-positive bacterial cell expresses SEQ ID NO: 1.

In embodiments, the recombinant Lactococcus bacterial cell comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for ETEC CFA/I fimbriae comprises SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the recombinant Lactococcus bacterial cell expresses SEQ ID NO: 1.

In embodiments, the recombinant Lactococcus lactis bacterial cell comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for ETEC CFA/I fimbriae comprises SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the recombinant Lactococcus lactis bacterial cell expresses SEQ ID NO: 1.

In yet other embodiments, the recombinant Gram-positive bacterial cell comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for ETEC CFA/I fimbriae comprises sequences coding for at least one gene selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, and 5. In some embodiments, the recombinant Gram-positive bacterial cell expresses at least one gene selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, and 5. In some embodiments, SEQ ID NO: 2 is expressed. In other embodiments, SEQ ID NO: 3 is expressed. Further, embodiments entail cells that express SEQ ID NO: 4. Yet other embodiments entail cells that express SEQ ID NO: 5. Also taught are embodiments in which SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 5 are both expressed. The disclosure also teaches cells in which any combination of the aforementioned SEQ ID NOs is expressed.

Further, the disclosure teaches Gram-positive recombinant bacteria that express at least one peptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 9, 10, 11, and 12, or combinations thereof.

In yet other embodiments, the recombinant Lactococcus bacterial cell comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for ETEC CFA/I fimbriae comprises sequences coding for at least one gene selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, and 5. In some embodiments, the recombinant Lactococcus bacterial cell expresses at least one gene selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, and 5. In some embodiments, SEQ ID NO: 2 is expressed. In other embodiments, SEQ ID NO: 3 is expressed. Further, embodiments entail cells that express SEQ ID NO: 4. Yet other embodiments entail cells that express SEQ ID NO: 5. Also taught are embodiments in which SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 5 are both expressed. The disclosure also teaches cells in which any combination of the aforementioned SEQ ID NOs is expressed.

Further, the disclosure teaches Lactococcus recombinant bacteria that express at least one peptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 9, 10, 11, and 12, or combinations thereof

In yet other embodiments, the recombinant Lactococcus lactis bacterial cell comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for ETEC CFA/I fimbriae comprises sequences coding for at least one gene selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, and 5. In some embodiments, the recombinant Lactococcus lactis bacterial cell expresses at least one gene selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, and 5. In some embodiments, SEQ ID NO: 2 is expressed. In other embodiments, SEQ ID NO: 3 is expressed. Further, embodiments entail cells that express SEQ ID NO: 4. Yet other embodiments entail cells that express SEQ ID NO: 5. Also taught are embodiments in which SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 5 are both expressed. The disclosure also teaches cells in which any combination of the aforementioned SEQ ID NOs is expressed.

Further, the disclosure teaches Lactococcus lactis recombinant bacteria that express at least one peptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 9, 10, 11, and 12, or combinations thereof.

Also taught herein are recombinant Gram-positive bacterial cells, Lactococcus bacterial cells, and Lactococcus lactis bacterial cells, for example, comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for ETEC CFA/I fimbriae comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, or nucleotide sequences sharing 99% sequence homology to SEQ ID NO: 1, or 98% sequence homology to SEQ ID NO: 1, or 97% sequence homology to SEQ ID NO: 1, or 96% sequence homology to SEQ ID NO: 1, or 95% sequence homology to SEQ ID NO: 1, or 95% to 90% sequence homology to SEQ ID NO: 1.

Furthermore, also taught herein are recombinant Gram-positive bacterial cells, Lactococcus bacterial cells, and Lactococcus lactis bacterial cells, for example, comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for ETEC CFA/I fimbriae comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, or nucleotide sequences with single point mutations, or single nucleotide substitutions, within SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein said single point mutations, or single nucleotide substitutions, are silent and do not effect the protein coded for by SEQ ID NO: 1.

Also taught herein are recombinant Gram-positive bacterial cells, Lactococcus bacterial cells, and Lactococcus lactis bacterial cells, for example, comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for ETEC CFA/I fimbriae comprising at least one gene selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, and 5, or nucleotide sequences sharing 99% sequence homology to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, and 5, or 98% sequence homology to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, and 5, or 97% sequence homology to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, and 5, or 96% sequence homology to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, and 5, or 95% sequence homology to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, and 5, or 95% to 90% sequence homology to SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, and 5.

Furthermore, also taught herein are recombinant Gram-positive bacterial cells, Lactococcus bacterial cells, and Lactococcus lactis bacterial cells, for example, comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for ETEC CFA/I fimbriae comprising at least one gene selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, and 5, or nucleotide sequences with single point mutations, or single nucleotide substitutions, within SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, and 5, wherein said single point mutations, or single nucleotide substitutions, are silent and do not effect the proteins coded for by SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, and 5.

Also taught herein are recombinant Gram-positive bacterial cells, Lactococcus bacterial cells, and Lactococcus lactis bacterial cells, for example, comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for ETEC CFA/I fimbriae comprising sequences coding for at least one gene selected from the group consisting of cfaA, cfaB, cfaC, and cfaE, or nucleotide sequence corresponding to the aforementioned structural genes that have been codon optimized for expression. That is, codon optimization procedures may be performed on each of the genes individually in order to maximize expression into a particular Gram-positive bacterial species.

Furthermore, also taught herein are recombinant Gram-positive bacterial cells, Lactococcus bacterial cells, and Lactococcus lactis bacterial cells, for example, expressing at least one peptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 9, 10, 11, and 12, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the peptides of SEQ ID NO: 9 and SEQ ID NO: 12 are expressed.

Furthermore, in embodiments, the entire CFA/I operon may be codon optimized for maximum expression into a particular recipient Gram-positive bacterial species.

The recombinant bacterial cells taught herein comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for ETEC CFA/I fimbriae can induce an anti-inflammatory response in a subject administered the recombinant bacterial cell.

In some embodiments, the level of a regulatory cytokine selected from IL-10 or TGF-β in a subject is increased upon administering of the recombinant bacteria to the subject, as compared to the level of the regulatory cytokine IL-10 or TGF-β present in the subject before said administering of the recombinant bacteria.

In other aspects, the level of at least one cytokine selected from the group consisting of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 in a subject is decreased upon administering of the recombinant bacteria to the subject, as compared to the level of at least one of the cytokines selected from the group consisting of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 present in the subject before said administering of the recombinant bacteria.

Further taught herein are probiotic compositions comprising recombinant lactic acid bacteria expressing ETEC CFA/I fimbriae. In certain aspects, the taught probiotic compositions support a healthy immune system. The taught probiotic compositions may also be used to supplement an individual's normal dietary regime.

Furthermore, in certain embodiments, the present disclosure teaches dietary supplements that comprise recombinant bacteria comprising nucleotide sequences encoding ETEC CFA/I fimbriae. In particular embodiments, the recombinant bacteria expresses the ETEC CFA/I fimbriae. In certain aspects, the taught dietary supplements support a healthy immune system. The dietary supplements may also be used to supplement an individual's normal dietary regime.

The present disclosure also teaches food additive compositions comprising recombinant Gram-positive bacteria comprising nucleotide sequences encoding ETEC CFA/I fimbriae. In particular embodiments, the recombinant Gram-positive bacteria expresses the ETEC CFA/I fimbriae.

In some embodiments, the taught food additive compositions comprise recombinant lactic acid bacteria comprising nucleotide sequences encoding ETEC CFA/I fimbriae. In particular embodiments, the recombinant lactic acid bacteria expresses the ETEC CFA/I fimbriae.

In other embodiments, the taught food additive compositions comprise recombinant Lactococcus bacteria comprising nucleotide sequences encoding ETEC CFA/I fimbriae. In particular embodiments, the recombinant Lactococcus bacteria expresses the ETEC CFA/I fimbriae.

In yet other embodiments, the taught food additives comprise recombinant Lactococcus lactis bacteria comprising nucleotide sequences encoding ETEC CFA/I fimbriae. In particular embodiments, the recombinant Lactococcus lactis bacteria expresses the ETEC CFA/I fimbriae.

In certain aspects, the taught food additives support a healthy immune system.

Also presented herein are methods of treating or preventing an autoimmune or inflammatory disease by administering the aforementioned compositions comprising a recombinant bacteria comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli colonization factor antigen I fimbriae.

In an embodiment, the method of treating or preventing an autoimmune or inflammatory disease comprises administering the taught compositions comprising the recombinant bacteria once daily to a subject in need of such treatment.

In another embodiment, the method of treating or preventing an autoimmune or inflammatory disease comprises administering the taught compositions comprising the recombinant bacteria twice daily, three times daily, four times daily, or five times daily to a subject in need of such treatment.

Other embodiments comprise administering the taught compositions comprising the recombinant bacteria on an as needed basis based upon a subject's physiological symptoms, such as pain, swelling, irritation, or discomfort.

Some embodiments comprise administering the taught compositions comprising the recombinant bacteria on a prophylactic bases to a subject that does not presently experience physiological symptoms associated with an autoimmune or inflammatory disease.

Taught embodiments comprise administering the disclosed compositions comprising the recombinant bacteria, wherein the compositions are combined with any known pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, buffer, excipient, adjuvant, or mixture thereof.

Taught embodiments entail administering the disclosed compositions comprising the recombinant bacteria, as part of a subject's dietary routine via a foodstuff, such as a: beverage, dairy product, yogurt, fermented food, or the like.

Taught embodiments entail administering the disclosed compositions comprising the recombinant bacteria, as part of a food supplement, such as a: powdered composition, encapsulated composition, or any liquid formulation.

The methods disclosed herein are able to increase the level of a regulatory cytokine selected from IL-10 or TGF-β in a subject, upon administering the disclosed compositions, as compared to the level of the regulatory cytokine IL-10 or TGF-β present in the subject before said administering.

The methods disclosed herein are able to decrease the level of at least one cytokine selected from the group consisting of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 in a subject, upon administering the disclosed compositions, as compared to the level of at least one of the cytokines selected from the group consisting of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 present in the subject before said administering.

Also presented herein are methods of treating or preventing rheumatoid arthritis. Other methods taught herein are for treating or preventing multiple sclerosis.

In some embodiments, rheumatoid arthritis is treated by administering the taught compositions in conjunction with palliative arthritic treatments, as the disclosed compositions are demonstrated to suppress the level of proinflammatory cytokines and increase the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, the present methods may act synergistically with known arthritic treatments to relieve swelling and joint pain.

Also presented herein are methods of eliciting an immune response in an individual, comprising: administering the aforementioned compositions comprising a recombinant Gram-positive bacteria comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli colonization factor antigen I fimbriae.

The present disclosure also relates to methods of suppressing proinflammatory cytokines in an individual by administering a composition comprising recombinant Gram-positive bacteria comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli colonization factor antigen I fimbriae. In some embodiments, the proinflammatory cytokine suppressed by the present methods are at least one selected from the group consisting of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17.

In particular embodiments, the present methods decrease the level of proinflammatory cytokines produced in a subject treated with the taught compositions to an extent greater than the level of proinflammatory cytokines that would be depressed by the same subject if treated with a Salmonella vector expressing CFA/I fimbriae. In some embodiments, the proinflammatory cytokine suppressed by the present methods are at least one selected from the group consisting of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17.

Furthermore, the present disclosure teaches methods of increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines in an individual by administering a composition comprising recombinant Gram-positive bacteria comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli colonization factor antigen I fimbriae. In some embodiments, the anti-inflammatory cytokine increased by the present methods is IL-10 or TGF-β.

In particular embodiments, the present methods increase the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines produced in a subject treated with the taught compositions to an extent greater than the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines that would be produced by the same subject if treated with a Salmonella vector expressing CFA/I fimbriae. In some embodiments, the anti-inflammatory cytokines are IL-10 or TGF-β.

In some embodiments, a subject treated with the taught compositions according to the present methods will produce minimal anti-CFA/I fimbriae antibodies.

In particular embodiments, the amount of anti-CFA/I fimbriae antibodies produced in a subject treated with the taught compositions is at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or at least 100% lower than the amount of anti-CFA/I fimbriae antibodies that would be produced in the same subject if that subject was administered a Salmonella vector expressing CFA/I fimbriae.

Also taught herein are methods for producing a composition for the treatment of an autoimmune or inflammatory disease, comprising: introducing a nucleotide sequence coding for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli colonization factor antigen I fimbriae into a recipient Gram-positive bacterial cell, e.g. a lactic acid bacterial cell, and culturing the recipient bacterial cell under conditions which allow for expression of the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli colonization factor antigen I fimbriae.

The methods may further comprise packaging the recombinant bacterial cells with any pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, buffer, excipient, adjuvant, or mixture thereof.

The methods may further comprise packaging the recombinant bacterial cells with any foodstuff, such as a: beverage, dairy product, yogurt, fermented food, or the like.

The methods may further comprise packaging the recombinant bacterial cells with a food supplement, such as a: powdered composition, encapsulated composition, or any liquid formulation.

The recombinant bacterial cells taught herein may be live upon administration or may not. Further, the therapeutic compositions disclosed herein may comprise mixtures of both live and non-living recombinant bacterial cells.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an engineered pBzMM153 operon that was modified from the native enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli colonization factor antigen I operon, i.e. cfaI operon. The figure demonstrates that the native gene sequence of cfaA, cfaB, cfaC, cfaE has been engineered to instead comprise cfaB, cfaA, cfaC, cfaE. Furthermore, the figure illustrates the placement of the: Nisin, P 170, and CP25 promoters, as well as the in-frame replacement of the native signal sequences with usp45, Exp4, lac, and prtP signal sequences, along with the three Shine-Dalgarno sequences. The Shine-Dalgarno sequences are denoted “SD.” The engineered operon is contained in SEQ ID NO: 1.

FIG. 2 illustrates an engineered recombinant plasmid construct according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 illustrates the immunotherapeutic potential for Lactococcus-CFA/I, by identifying three clones thru Western blot analysis. These three clones were found to express similar, or more abundant, fimbriae than E. coli-CFA/I strain H695.

FIG. 4 illustrates that groups of B6 mice (n=5/group) were induced with CIA by being challenged with chick CII in complete Freund's adjuvant on day 0, and 18 days later at disease onset, mice were orally dosed with 5x10⁸ CFUs of: (1) L. lactis vector (i.e. plasmid without engineered cfaI operon, depicted by open circles), (2) or with L. lactis-CFA/I (i.e. plasmid with engineered cfaI operon, depicted by filled triangles), (3) or with PBS (depicted by filled circles). A second dose of the aforementioned was given 1 week later. The dosings are depicted by black downward arrows. As illustrated in the figure, all L. lactis-CFA/I mice were completely protected; unlike L. lactis vector mice and PBS mice. The protection afforded by L. lactis-CFA/I mice is evidenced by the average clinical score measure on the left side of the left panel and the incidence of arthritis measure on the left side of the right panel.

FIG. 5 illustrates a histological stain of treated mice tissue that shows L. lactis-CFA/I mice did not present evidence of clinical disease. Hematoxylin and eosin stain (H&E) are in the left column and toluidine blue stain is in the right column. The stainings were performed on joint sections from treated mice used in the experiment illustrated in FIG. 4. The L. lactis-CFA/I mice showed no damage to cartilage, and L. lactis vector mice showed similar pathology as PBS-treated mice (data not shown for L. lactis vector mice).

FIG. 6 illustrates that L. lactis-CFA/I induces IL-10 and TGF-β, while dampening proinflammatory cytokines Peripheral lymph node (PLN) CD4⁺ T cells isolated from collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice treated with PBS, L. lactis vector, or L. lactis-CFA/I (from FIG. 4) were co-cultured with irradiated antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and stimulated with collagen II (CII) for 4 days. Supernatants were analyzed for (A) IFN-γ, (B) TNF-α, (C) IL-17, (D) IL-10, and (E) TGF-β production. *P<0.001, **P<0.005, ***P<0.05 versus PBS treated mice; ^(§)P<0.015 versus L. lactis-CFA/I.

FIG. 7 illustrates that L. lactis-CFA/I does not induce anti-CFA/I fimbriae Abs. Mice dosed twice, as described in FIG. 4, with L. lactis vector or L. lactis-CFA/I, as illustrated in panel (A), did not elicit serum IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, or IgG2b Ab titers to CFA/I fimbriae. This is in stark contrast to the data illustrated in panel (B), demonstrating Salmonella vector and Salmonella-CFA/I, which did elicit significant anti-CFA/I fimbriae Abs. The data presented in this figure suggests that L. lactis-CFA/I does not stimulate Abs to fimbrial antigens and may allow repeated dosing.

FIG. 8 illustrates that L. lactis-CFA/I confers protection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). C57BL/6 mice were induced with EAE on day 0 and treated orally with 5×10⁸ CFUs of: L. lactis vector, L. lactis-CFA/I, or with PBS on day 6 post-challenge. Clinical scores were monitored until day 16.

FIG. 9 illustrates an electron microscopy image of Lactococcus bacteria. Immunogold staining of Lactococcus lactis without the pBzMM153 operon of FIG. 1 is depicted in panel A. Immunogold staining of Lactococcus lactis containing the pBzMM153 operon of FIG. 1 is depicted in panel B. The Lactococci were stained with rabbit anti-CFA/I fimbriae antibody plus gold-labeled anti-rabbit IgG. The black arrows indicate labeled fimbriae and the sold black line at the bottom of the micrographs represents 0.5 μM.

FIG. 10 illustrates that L. lactis-CFA/I fimbriae stimulate human T_(reg) cell induction. Isolated normal human dentritic cells (DCs) stimulated with L. lactis-CFA/I overnight and cultured for 4 days with autologous purified CD4⁺ T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 mAb+CFA/I showed 2.6-fold increase in T_(reg) cells and a third of these were IL-10⁺; *P=0.002 vs. media.

SEQUENCES OF THE INVENTION

Sequence listings for SEQ ID Nos: 1-12 are part of this application and are incorporated by reference herein. A paper copy of the Sequence listings is provided at the end of this document and a CRF copy is submitted concurrently herewith.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Detailed descriptions of one or more preferred embodiments are provided herein. It is to be understood, however, that the present disclosure may be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but rather as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to employ the present disclosure in any appropriate manner.

The following description includes information that may be useful in understanding the present disclosure. It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is prior art, or that any publication specifically or implicitly referenced is prior art.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.

Definitions

As used herein, the use of the word “a” “an” or “the” can mean one or more than one.

Numbers and numerical ranges recited herein are to be understood to be modified by the term “about” as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

As used herein, the term “adjuvant” refers to a substance sometimes included in a vaccine or therapeutic formulation to enhance or modify the immune-stimulating properties of the vaccine or therapeutic formulation.

As used herein, the term “antigen” refers to a substance that triggers an immune system response, resulting in production of an antibody specific for the antigen. Thus, an antigen is a substance that binds specifically to a respective antibody.

As used herein, the term “operon” refers to a cluster or series of adjacent structural genes that are transcribed as a unit into a single mRNA molecule. The cluster or series of adjacent structural genes can be under the control of a single promoter and also under the control of a composite tandem promoter.

As used herein, the term “autoimmune disease” refers to a physiological condition in a subject that is resultant from the subject's own body producing an inappropriate immune response that targets and damages the subject's own cells.

As used herein, the term “inflammatory disease” encompasses any disease or condition characterized by inflammation. Inflammation is a basic physiological response to a variety of external or internal insults, such as infectious agents, physical injury, hypoxia, or disease processes. Therefore, diseases or conditions falling within “inflammatory disease” do not have to share a common genetic or physiological basis, so long as the disease or condition results in inflammation.

As used herein, the term “recombinant bacteria” refers to bacteria that have been genetically modified from their native state. For instance, recombinant bacteria may have nucleotide insertions, nucleotide deletions, nucleotide rearrangements, and nucleotide modifications introduced into the bacterial DNA. Further, recombinant bacteria may comprise exogenous nucleotide sequences on plasmids or exogenous nucleotide sequences stably incorporated into the chromosomal DNA.

As used herein, and in light of the previous definition, the term “recombinant lactic acid bacterial cell” refers to lactic acid bacterial cells that have been genetically modified from their native state. In some aspects of the disclosure, for example, a “recombinant lactic acid bacterial cell” comprises exogenous nucleotide sequences from Gram-negative bacteria.

As used herein, the term “probiotic microorganism” is a microorganism which has a beneficial effect on a host's intestinal microflora ecology, presumably by promoting the growth of so-called “good” microorganisms, inhibiting the growth of so-called “bad” microorganisms, or by performing metabolic activities that are beneficial to the host. In particular embodiments herein, the disclosed recombinant bacteria perform metabolic functions that are beneficial to a host. In certain embodiments, the recombinant bacteria are lactic acid bacteria, a common probiotic bacterial clade.

Arming the Mucosa with Recombinant Lactococcus lactis expressing ETEC CFA/I fimbriae

A potential method that has been proposed to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, such as RA, is the delivery of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) fimbriae via live attenuated Salmonella vectors. (See, e.g., Kochetkova, 2008).

However, despite the possibility of utilizing attenuated Salmonella to deliver CFA/I fimbriae to induce anti-inflammatory immune responses in an individual, there remain significant drawbacks to this technology.

For instance, Salmonella is a Gram-negative bacterial species, which means that the bacterium's cell wall will invariably be associated with the endotoxic lipopolysaccharide complex (LPS) associated with the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

LPS, also known as lipoglycans, are large molecules consisting of a lipid and polysaccharide joined by a covalent bond and are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. LPS act as endotoxins and elicit strong immune responses in animals. In humans, LPS triggers an innate immune response characterized by cytokine production and immune system activation. Inflammation is a common result of cytokine production, which can also produce host toxicity.

Consequently, any therapeutic effects associated with the utilization of a Gram-negative bacterium, such as Salmonella, as a delivery vector for anti-inflammatory disease treatment will likely be counterbalanced by the ensuing immune response and associated inflammation resulting from the presence of LPS in these bacterial vectors.

A second concern with the utilization of Salmonella based delivery vectors concerns the inherent potential of these delivery systems to revert back to a virulent state. A possible solution to this concern involves introducing multiple virulence attenuating mutations into the bacterial vector. However, these mutations should be capable of attenuation independently. This possible solution adds increased complexity and cost to developing effective attenuated Salmonella delivery vectors.

Another risk with using pathogenic bacteria as vaccine vectors is complications that can arise due to pre-existing immunity. Prior exposure to the bacterial vector has been demonstrated to decrease efficacy of the vaccine. (Attridge, 1997). Attridge reported that the effectiveness of utilizing attenuated Salmonella to deliver E. coli fimbrial proteins to the gut-associated lymphoid tissue of mice “were dramatically impaired” in recipients “with pre-existing immunity to the vector strain.” Id. at Abstract.

Furthermore, there is a risk with attenuated Salmonella based vector systems that the bacterium may easily transfer genetic material to other Gram-negative bacteria resident in the treated host. Scholars have warned that bacterial based vector systems “[e]specially bacteria carrying recombinant plasmids” face an increased risk of “the probability of horizontal gene transfer to other bacteria present” in the host. (Detmer, 2006).

This horizontal gene transfer is especially problematic when considering the possibility of an attenuated Salmonella strain horizontally transferring genetic information to native Salmonella or other Gram-negative strains present in the recipient.

Thus, there is an urgent need in the art for the development of safer bacterial based therapeutics and vaccines that are not reliant upon attenuated invasive bacterial strains and therefore do not suffer from the aforementioned drawbacks.

With respect to bacterial based expression vectors, such as the Salmonella vectors expressing CFA/I fimbriae, there is a complete dearth of development in the area of expressing CFA/I fimbriae in Gram-positive bacterial delivery systems.

The development of a Gram-positive bacterial vector therapeutic for the expression of CFA/I fimbriae would not suffer from the drawbacks present in the art.

Specifically, the development of a Gram-positive delivery system for CFA/I fimbriae, in a bacterial species that has been accorded a Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status, would offer consumers suffering from autoimmune and inflammatory disease a superior alternative to the present bacterial delivery systems expressing CFA/I fimbriae in attenuated Salmonella.

Most mammalian pathogens invade the host through a mucosal surface, thus arming the mucosa will ultimately prevent pathogens from initiating infection.

Mucosal immunity is accomplished by facilitating vaccine uptake to mucosal inductive tissues. At the inductive sites, foreign proteins or materials referred to as antigens, are sampled and used to trigger a host immune response. Mucosal inductive sites are present in the gut known as Peyer's patches, and in the upper respiratory tract referred to as nasal-associated lymphoid tissues (NALT) or in humans, referred to as Waldeyer's ring (tonsils and adenoids).

Once antigens are sampled and processed, they will induce memory lymphocyte responses in mucosal effector tissues, which are the various mucosal surfaces of the gut, respiratory tract, and genitourinary tract. These mucosal effector sites contain memory B and T lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells (APCs), as well as a plethora of other cell types with different functions in the mucosal network that ultimately determines the outcome of the immune response.

Without wishing to be bound to a particular theory, the present inventors hypothesize that some, but not all, of the molecules that pathogens use to dock to target cells may at the same time down-regulate the immune system.

In the present disclosure, the inventors have shown that the hypothesis is not only correct, but that when applied appropriately can lead to the development of novel therapeutic compositions that are useful for the treatment of autoimmune disorders and inflammatory disease.

As will be detailed below, the inventors have developed a recombinant Lactococcus lactis expressing ETEC CFA/I fimbriae, that when orally delivered to mice, is able to prevent the symptoms and to block the progression of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA).

CIA is a model of rheumatoid arthritis and therefore implicates the ability of the recombinant bacteria taught herein to be an effective treatment for this highly pervasive autoimmune disease.

Further, the inventors have developed a recombinant Lactococcus lactis expressing ETEC CFA/I fimbriae, that when orally delivered to mice, is able to prevent the symptoms and to block the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).

EAE is a model for multiple sclerosis and therefore implicates the ability of the recombinant bacteria taught herein to be an effective treatment for this autoimmune disease.

Thus, the present inventors have illustrated that the recombinant Lactococcus lactis expressing ETEC CFA/I fimbriae have strong potential to act as multi-purpose modulators of pathological immune response in absence of an autoantigen.

These discoveries have profound implications for the treatment and prevention of autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases.

Lactic Acid Bacteria

Presently, the only recognized bacterial delivery systems for ETEC CFA/I fimbriae are based upon Gram-negative bacteria. Specifically, the Salmonella based vector system and its drawbacks have been discussed.

The disclosure herein represents a departure from the expectations of the art, by surprisingly showing for the first time, that ETEC CFA/I fimbriae can be successfully expressed in a Gram-positive bacterial vector system. That is, the disclosure presents a lactic acid bacterium, Lactococcus lactis, which comprises an engineered plasmid containing a nucleotide sequence coding for ETEC CFA/I fimbriae. The nucleotide sequence is shown to be expressed in the Lactococcus lactis system.

Lactic Acid Bacteria Classification

The lactic acid bacteria comprise a clade of Gram-positive bacteria associated by their common metabolic and physiological characteristics. For instance, these bacteria have low-GC, are acid-tolerant, are generally non-sporulating and non-respiring, rod-shaped bacilli or cocci phenotypes. As their name implies, lactic acid bacteria produce lactic acid as the major metabolic end-product of carbohydrate fermentation.

The order Lactobacillales comprises the lactic acid bacteria. Families present in the Lactobacillales include: Aerococcaceae, Carnobacteriaceae, Enterococcaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Leuconostocaceae, and Streptococcaceae. A representative genus of Streptococcaceae is Lactococcus. A representative species of Lactococcus is Lactococcus lactis.

The aforementioned is not an exhaustive list of the members of the lactic acid bacteria, but is merely illustrative of the structuring of the group. One of skill in the art would be able to ascertain the members of the lactic acid bacteria.

The present disclosure utilizes Lactococcus bacteria in the exemplary embodiments, but it would be within the skill of one in the art to utilize the taught methods for expression of ETEC CFA/I fimbriae in other lactic acid bacteria. For example, the disclosed promoter sequences along with the taught signal sequence coding regions (encoding the signal sequence peptides) are engineered for lactic acid bacteria and would be useful for deployment in other lactic acid bacterial species.

For example, as taught herein, the native order of structural genes present in the cfaI operon has been altered from cfaA, cfaB, cfaC, and cfaE to the engineered order of cfaB, cfaA, cfaC, and cfaE. This structural rearrangement of operon genes is expected to be expressible in other lactic acid bacteria.

One of skill in the art would be able to utilize the disclosed methods to insert the engineered cfaB, cfaA, cfaC, and cfaE structural gene sequence, with appropriate signal sequence coding regions for the particular lactic acid bacterial recipient, into a recipient lactic acid bacterial cell and obtain expression of CFA/I fimbriae. The ascertainment of the appropriate signal sequence coding regions would be ascertainable based upon the particular lactic acid bacterial species that would be receiving the engineered cfaB, cfaA, cfaC, and cfaE structural gene sequence.

Lactic Acid Bacteria Benefits

There are several benefits to utilizing lactic acid bacteria to host and deliver the ETEC CFA/I fimbriae.

First, lactic acid bacteria do not present lipopolysaccharide complex (LPS) that is associated with the outer membrane of the Salmonella based vector.

Second, lactic acid bacteria do not present a problem with reversion to a virulent state, because lactic acid bacteria have a Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status. GRAS status is a Food and Drug Administration designation that a chemical or substance added to food is considered safe by experts, and thus is exempted from the usual Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act food additive tolerance requirements.

Third, there is an insignificant risk of horizontal gene transfer to other invasive bacteria as would be more prevalent with a Gram-negative Salmonella vector.

Furthermore, the taught lactic acid bacteria vectors offer several distinct advantages over a Salmonella vector.

For instance, lactic acid bacteria have a long history of beneficial association with human intestinal microflora. Thus, the use of lactic acid bacteria offer the opportunity to create synergistic effects between recombinant lactic acid bacteria expressing ETEC CFA/I fimbriae and other resident intestinal microbial flora.

Consider that probiotics are products aimed at delivering living, potentially beneficial, bacterial cells to the intestinal ecosystem of humans and other animals. Strains of lactic acid bacteria are the most common microbes employed as probiotics. (Sonomoto, 2011). This presents the opportunity to utilize the taught lactic acid bacteria expressing ETEC CFA/I fimbriae in compositions that also comprise probiotic bacterial strains such as those from the genus Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium.

As will be illustrated in the disclosed Examples, the present recombinant Lactococcus lactis strains expressing ETEC CFA/I fimbriae also demonstrate increased potency, as compared to the effects observed with Salmonella based delivery systems.

Therefore, the taught recombinant lactic acid bacterial vector system demonstrates unexpectedly superior properties, as compared to the previous Salmonella based delivery system. One notable property that will be elaborated upon in the Examples is the fact that the Salmonella based delivery system elicits a tremendous anti-CFA/I fimbriae immune response, as compared to the negligible immune response of the taught recombinant lactic acid bacterial system. These results suggest that the taught recombinant lactic acid bacteria expressing CFA/I fimbriae can be administered multiple times.

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Colonization Factor Antigen I Fimbriae

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) use surface fimbriae (alternatively called pili) to attach to host tissues, an early and vital step in pathogenesis. (Qadri, 2005). At least 22 different types of antigenically distinct fimbrial CFAs have been identified among ETEC strains. One of the most commonly identified antigenic types identified in humans is colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) fimbriae, which represent the archetype of class 5 fimbriae, the largest class of human-specific ETEC colonization factors. (Low, 1996). A 4-gene operon for fimbriae-related proteins is shared by all class 5 fimbriae. (Soto, 1999).

CFA/I fimbriae are under the control of an off-site positive regulator, cfaR, and are encoded by an operon containing 4 structural genes, cfaA, cfaB, cfaC, cfaE. It has been shown that expression of CFA/I fimbriae can be achieved in the absence of the cfaR positive regulator. (Wu, 1995).

The sequence of the native cfaI operon can be found at GenBank Accession No. M55661, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

cfaB encodes for the most abundant or major subunit of the fimbriae. cfaA encodes for a chaperone that plays a major role in the proper folding and assembling of the fimbriae. cfaC encodes for an usher protein, but it is also required for subsequent interaction for assembly of the fimbriae on the outer membrane surface. Finally, cfaE encodes for the tip-residing minor subunit.

Recent work has indicated that the protein encoded for by cfaE is the critical binding protein acting as an adhesin. (Baker, 2009).

Mature CFA/I fimbriae are a polymer typically consisting of >1000 copies of the major subunit CfaB, and 1 or a few copies of the adhesin CfaE.

As CfaE is present on CFA/I fimbriae at very low copy numbers, it is not detected in Western blots using antifimbriae antibody. (Sakellaris, 1996). Instead, the CfaB subunit is the predominant protein observed in Western blots and is used as a marker for translation of CFA/I operon proteins in general, in this case as a proxy for expression of CfaE.

Expression of Enterotoxigenic E. coli CFA/I Fimbriae in Gram-positive Bacteria

The present disclosure teaches that Gram-positive bacteria expressing ETEC CFA/I fimbriae are therapeutically effective at treating or preventing autoimmune and/or inflammatory disease.

The method of expressing ETEC CFA/I fimbriae in Gram-positive bacteria may comprise inserting a plasmid carrying an engineered cfaI operon into a recipient Gram-positive bacterial host.

Further, in some embodiments, the method of expressing ETEC CFA/I fimbriae in Gram-positive bacteria may comprise stably integrating an engineered cfaI operon into the chromosome of a recipient Gram-positive bacterial host.

The term “plasmid” is used to refer to a molecule capable of autonomous replication that is suitable for transformation of a recipient bacterial strain and contains DNA sequences that direct and/or control the expression of inserted heterologous DNA sequences. Various types of plasmids may be used such as low and high copy number plasmids, narrow and broad-host range plasmids, expression plasmids, and cosmids.

In order to prevent loss of the plasmid expressing the heterologous CFA/I, an element may be added to the plasmid which enhances its stability. It is generally the case that the plasmids found in ETEC strains encoding the various colonization factor antigens are low copy number and stable enough to ensure their maintenance over many generations in the absence of specific selection mechanisms. However, following manipulation of these plasmids, these stable properties might be impaired. This problem may be alleviated by employing methods for improvement of plasmid stability, as would be known to those in the art.

In general, heterologous gene expression is achieved by cloning of the heterologous genes into the previously discussed plasmids, which are replicated within the recipient in multiple copies thus leading to high expression of foreign gene product. Expression of the taught heterologous sequences encoding E. coli CFA/I fimbriae are achievable by application of known genetic engineering techniques such as those described in, e.g. Sambrook and Russell (2001) “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (3rd edition), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. As aforementioned, it has been demonstrated in the art that ETEC CFA/I fimbriae may be expressed in Gram-negative bacteria. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,759,106 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,943,122, the contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference, teach expression of ETEC CFA/I fimbriae in attenuated Gram-negative bacterial strains.

The disclosed engineered DNA construct, i.e. cfaI operon, comprising a promoter operably linked to DNA encoding the heterologous CFA/I fimbriae may be made and transformed into the Gram-positive bacteria using conventional techniques. Transformants containing the DNA construct may be selected, for example, by screening for a selectable marker on the construct. Bacteria containing the construct may be grown in vitro before being formulated for administration to the host. Selectable markers suitable for the taught recombinant bacteria would be known to those of skill in the art.

The recombinant bacteria taught herein may comprise nucleotide sequences encoding CFA/I fimbriae that have been codon optimized. “Codon optimization” is defined as modifying a nucleic acid sequence for enhanced expression in the cells of the host bacterial species of interest, e.g. Gram-positive bacteria, by replacing at least one, more than one, or a significant number of codons of the native ETEC CFA/I fimbriae sequence with codons that are more frequently or most frequently used in the genes of the recipient Gram-positive bacteria.

Various bacterial species exhibit particular bias for certain codons of a particular amino acid and thus codon optimization can ensure optimal expression of the ETEC CFA/I fimbriae in the recipient bacterial host cell being transformed. Codon preference or codon bias, is afforded by degeneracy of the genetic code, and is well documented among many organisms. Codon bias often correlates with the efficiency of translation of messenger RNA (mRNA), which is in turn believed to be dependent on, inter alia, the properties of the codons being translated and the availability of particular transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The predominance of selected tRNAs in a cell is generally a reflection of the codons used most frequently in peptide synthesis. Accordingly, the presently disclosed cfaA, cfaB, cfaC, and cfaE genes can be tailored for optimal gene expression in a given Gram-positive bacteria based on codon optimization.

Composition Formulation

The compositions presented herein are suitable for combination with any known pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, buffer, excipient, adjuvant, or mixture thereof

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well known and are usually liquids, in which an active therapeutic agent is formulated. In the present case, the active therapeutic agent is the disclosed recombinant bacteria expressing CFA/I fimbriae. The carrier generally does not provide any pharmacological activity to the formulation, though it may provide chemical and/or biological stability, release characteristics, and the like. Exemplary formulations can be found, for example, in Alfonso R. Gennaro. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th Edition. Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference, and include, but are not limited to, saline, water, buffered water, dextrose and the like.

The compositions presented herein may in some embodiments be placed within foodstuffs, such as: beverages, dairy products, yogurts, fermented food products, and the like, as feasible and consumer friendly delivery vehicles.

The compositions taught herein may also be delivered in food supplements, such as: powdered compositions comprising the taught recombinant bacterial cells, encapsulated compositions comprising the taught recombinant bacterial cells, or any liquid formulation comprising the taught recombinant bacterial cells.

The compositions may comprise other therapeutically effective agents such as anti-inflammatory cytokines.

The compositions may comprise other bacterial species, such as those bacterial species commonly referred to as “probiotics.” Furthermore, “prebiotics” may also be present in the taught compositions.

Probiotics are often defined as live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer health benefits to the host. The compositions of the present disclosure may comprise probiotic microorganisms in an amount sufficient to at least partially produce a health benefit.

Prebiotics are often defined as food substances that promote the growth of probiotics in the intestines. They are not broken down in the stomach and/or upper intestine or absorbed in the GI tract of the person ingesting them, but they are fermented by the gastrointestinal microflora and/or by probiotics. The prebiotics that may be used in accordance with the present disclosure are not particularly limited and include all food substances that promote the growth of probiotics in the intestines.

Thus, disclosed herein are probiotic compositions comprising recombinant lactic acid bacteria expressing ETEC CFA/I fimbriae. In certain aspects, the taught probiotic compositions support a healthy immune system. The taught probiotic compositions may also be used to supplement an individual's normal dietary regime.

Furthermore, in certain embodiments, the present disclosure teaches dietary supplements that comprise recombinant bacteria comprising nucleotide sequences encoding ETEC CFA/I fimbriae. In particular embodiments, the recombinant bacteria expresses the ETEC CFA/I fimbriae. In certain aspects, the taught dietary supplements support a healthy immune system. The dietary supplements may also be used to supplement an individual's normal dietary regime.

The present disclosure also teaches food additive compositions comprising recombinant bacteria comprising nucleotide sequences encoding ETEC CFA/I fimbriae. In particular embodiments, the recombinant Gram-positive bacteria expresses the ETEC CFA/I fimbriae.

In certain aspects, the taught food additives support a healthy immune system.

The taught food additive compositions of the disclosure may be directly ingested or used as an additive in conjunction with foods.

It will be appreciated that the disclosed food additives may be incorporated into a variety of foods and beverages including, but not limited to: yogurt, ice cream, cheese, baked products such as bread, biscuits and cakes, dairy and dairy substitute foods, confectionery products, edible oil compositions, spreads, breakfast cereals, juices and the like.

Routes of Administration

The taught compositions may be used for parenteral administration, such as subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, and intraperitoneal.

Particular embodiments of administration include oral administration.

Further embodiments include nasal delivery.

In some oral administration embodiments, the compositions comprise the disclosed recombinant bacteria expressing ETEC CFA/I fimbriae and optionally other molecules that are dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable, preferably an aqueous carrier. In addition, the composition may contain excipients, such as buffers, binding agents, diluents, flavors, lubricants, etc.

Quantitative Administration

The compositions taught herein may comprise varying amounts of the recombinant bacteria expressing ETEC CFA/I fimbriae. The particular amount of therapeutic bacterial vector present in the composition may depend upon the disease being treated and/or the subject being administered the therapeutic composition.

For instance, factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, genetic disposition to disease, health, weight, etc. may govern the amount of recombinant bacteria present in a composition.

The type of disease or condition being treated may also be taken into consideration when determining the optimal amount of recombinant bacterial vector that should be in a given composition.

In some embodiments, a particular amount of the disclosed therapeutic composition comprising recombinant bacterial cells expressing ETEC CFA/I fimbriae is defined as “a therapeutically effective amount” or “therapeutically effective dose.” This amount represents a quantity of the disclosed compositions that is capable of eliciting an immune response in the recipient. For example, a “therapeutically effective dose” may be capable of increasing the level of an anti-inflammatory cytokine in the recipient. Furthermore, a “therapeutically effective does” may be able to suppress the level of an inflammatory cytokine in the recipient.

In some particular embodiments, a “therapeutically effective dose” increases the level of a regulatory cytokine selected from IL-10 or TGF-β in a subject upon administration of the taught composition, as compared to the level of the regulatory cytokine IL-10 or TGF-β present in the subject before administration of the taught composition.

In other embodiments, a “therapeutically effective dose” suppresses the level of at least one cytokine selected from the group consisting of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 upon administration of the taught composition, as compared to the level of at least one of the cytokines selected from the group consisting of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 present in the subject before administration of the taught composition.

Compositions of the present disclosure may comprise: 1×10⁸ CFU, 2×10⁸ CFU, 3×10⁸ CFU, 4×10⁸ CFU, 5×10⁸ CFU, 6×10⁸ CFU, 7×10⁸ CFU, 8×10⁸ CFUs, 9×10⁸ CFU, 10×10⁸ CFU, 11×10⁸ CFU, 12×10⁸ CFU, 13×10⁸ CFU, 14×10⁸ CFU, 15×10⁸ CFU, 16×10⁸ CFU, 17×10⁸ CFU, 18×10⁸ CFUs, 19×10⁸ CFU, 20×10⁸ CFU, 30×10⁸ CFU, 40×10⁸ CFU, 50×10⁸ CFU, or more of the recombinant bacteria expressing CFA/I fimbriae.

Further, the compositions may comprise any range of CFU that is achievable based upon the aforementioned individual concentrations. For example, the compositions may comprise from 1×10⁸ CFU to 50×10⁸ CFUper treatment.

Further, the compositions may comprise ranges of: 1×10⁶ to 1×10¹⁰ CFU, or 1×10⁶ to 2×10¹° CFU, or 1×10⁶ to 3×10¹⁰ CFU, or 1×10⁶ to 4×10¹⁰ CFU, or 1×10⁶ to 5×10¹⁰ CFU, or 1×10⁶ to 6×10¹⁰ CFU, or 1×10⁶ to 7×10¹⁰ CFU, or 1×10⁶ to 8×10¹⁰ CFU, or 1×10⁶ to 9×10¹⁰ CFU, or 1×10⁶ to 10×10¹⁰ CFU.

The compositions may comprise at least 1×10⁸ CFU, or at least 2×10⁸ CFU, or at least 3×10⁸ CFU, or at least 4×10⁸ CFU, or at least 5×10⁸ CFU, or at least 6×10⁸ CFU, or at least 7×10⁸ CFU, or at least 8×10⁸ CFUs, or at least 9×10⁸ CFU, or at least 10×10⁸ CFU, or at least 11×10⁸ CFU, or at least 12×10⁸ CFU, or at least 13×10⁸ CFU, or at least 14×10⁸ CFU, or at least 15×10⁸ CFU, or at least 16×10⁸ CFU, or at least 17×10⁸ CFU, or at least 18×10⁸ CFUs, or at least 19×10⁸ CFU, or at least 20×10⁸ CFU, or at least 30×10⁸ CFU, or at least 40×10⁸ CFU, or at least 50×10⁸ CFU.

In a particular embodiment, the composition comprises approximately 5×10⁸ CFU.

In some embodiments, the compositions comprise from 1×10⁶ to 10×10¹⁰ CFU, or 1×10⁶ to 5×10¹⁰ CFU.

The compositions may be administered once a day, twice a day, three times a day, four times a day, or five times a day to a subject in need of such treatment.

The compositions may also be administered at least once a day, at least twice a day, at least three times a day, at least four times a day, or at least five times a day.

Furthermore, the compositions may be administered on an as needed basis based upon a subject's physiological symptoms, such as pain, swelling, irritation or discomfort.

Some embodiments comprise administering the taught compositions comprising the recombinant bacteria on a prophylactic bases to a subject that does not presently experience physiological symptoms associated with an autoimmune or inflammatory disease.

In particular embodiments, the compositions may be taken daily as part of a food product delivery vehicle, e.g. yogurt, as part of a daily health regimen.

Collagen Induced Arthritis (CIA) Model

Collagen induced arthritis (CIA), a model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), can be induced upon immunization with heterologous collagen II (CII) in DBA/1 or C57BL/6 mice or by mAbs to CII combined with LPS. CIA shares with RA several critical characteristics of the disease pathogenesis, including CD4⁺ T cells' mediated inflammation and extensive cartilage and bone damage, resulting in joint deformities. This similarity permits the use of the CIA model as an investigative tool to test novel approaches for prevention and treatment of RA. (Courtenay, 1980; Terato, 1992; Terato 1995).

Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most commonly used experimental model for the human inflammatory demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis (MS). EAE is a complex condition in which the interaction between a variety of immunopathological and neuropathological mechanisms leads to an approximation of the key pathological features of MS: inflammation, demyelination, axonal loss and gliosis. The counter-regulatory mechanisms of resolution of inflammation and remyelination also occur in EAE, which, therefore can also serve as a model for these processes. Moreover, EAE is often used as a model of cell-mediated organ-specific autoimmune conditions in general. (Constantinescu, 2011).

EXAMPLES I. Expression of E. coli CFA/I Fimbriae in Lactococcus for Treatment of Arthritis

Recombinant Lactococcus lactis expressing ETEC CFA/I fimbriae, when orally delivered to mice, is able to prevent the symptoms and to block the progression of collagen-induced arthritis.

Construction of Lactococcus-CFA/I Vector

Lactococcus lactis was selected as the bacterial species to carry the ETEC CFA/I operon. The E. coli cfaI operon was rebuilt to enable expression in the Gram-positive Lactococcus lactis bacteria. The native cfaI operon was modified in several ways.

First, each of the 4 structural genes of the cfaI operon, i.e. cfaA, cfaB, cfaC, and cfaE, were modified from the native gene sequence to include Gram-positive signal sequence coding regions. The signal sequence coding regions encode for Lactococcus compatible signal peptides, which are alternatively referred to as leader sequences or leader peptides. Thus, the native signal sequence coding regions were removed and replaced with signal sequences compatible with Lactococcus. The signal sequence usp45 from Lactococcus lactis subs. cremoris was used with cfaB. The signal sequence Exp4 from Lactococcus lactis subs. cremoris was used with cfaA. The signal sequence lac from Lactococcus lactis subs. cremoris was used with cfaC. The signal sequence prtP from Lactococcus lactis subs. cremoris was used with cfaE.

Second, the native order of the structural genes present in the cfaI operon—as can be found at GenBank Accession No. M55661—was altered. The normal order of the structural genes in the cfaI operon is: cfaA, cfaB, cfaC, and cfaE. However, in the present disclosure, the inventors have engineered the structural genes to be in the following order: cfaB, cfaA, cfaC, and cfaE.

Third, the native cfaI operon was further altered by removing untranslated E. coli sequences.

Fourth, the introduction of Shine-Dalgarno sequences to enable protein translation from the upstream promoter. The Shine-Dalgarno sequences used were AGGAGG.

The entire engineered cfaB, cfaA, cfaC, and cfaE gene sequence along with the associated signal sequence coding regions and below discussed promoters can be found in SEQ ID NO: 1. Further, the individual structural genes with associated signal sequence coding regions are as follows: cfaB (SEQ ID NO: 2), cfaA (SEQ ID NO: 3), cfaC (SEQ ID NO: 4), and cfaE (SEQ ID NO: 5). The encoded peptide sequences, corresponding to the aforementioned gene sequences, with associated and translated peptide leader sequences are as follows: CfaB (SEQ ID NO: 9), CfaA (SEQ ID NO: 10), CfaC (SEQ ID NO: 11), and CfaE (SEQ ID NO: 12).

Fifth, the engineered sequences cfaB, cfaA, cfaC, and cfaE were placed under the control of a lactic acid bacteria composite (tandem) promoter composed of nisin, P170, and CP25, each of which has been modified from its native sequence to enhance RNA stability. The promoter properties are as follows:

a) A nisin-inducible promoter originally resident in the pMSP3535H3 vector. This component, whether induced or not, was found to have no consequence in this composite configuration. The nisin promoter is found in SEQ ID NO: 6.

A particular embodiment of the disclosure does not include the nisin promoter.

b) The P170 is acid inducible, and has spurious ATG right after the TATA -10 box eliminated. 6+1 base pairs after -10 sequence modified for optimal consensus. It is followed by its own untranslated mRNA leader partially deleted to increase its activity. (Madsen, 1999). The P170 promoter is found in SEQ ID NO: 7.

In a particular embodiment, the P170 promoter is coupled to the below described CP25 promoter and the previously discussed nisin-inducible promoter is not utilized.

c) The CP25 promoter with spurious ATG in this latter promoter has been left because of how the promoter was designed and also because ATG is immediately followed by two framed stop codons. (Jensen, 1998). It is followed by slpA untranslated leader sequences (UTLs), which reportedly stabilize mRNA. (Narita, 2006). In this last section, ATGs have been left because of self annealing constraints and because it proved functional regardless of the presence of spurious ATGs. gg has been changed to create a Kpn1 site that will allow removal of the untranslated slpA leader as well as cloning the remaining promoter into the theta vector pIB 184. The CP25 promoter is found in SEQ ID NO: 8.

Experimental Protocol

To enable future human testing and transient presence, L. lactis IL1403 (Lee, 2006; Steen, 2008) was selected to generate L. lactis-CFA/I by transforming it using the expression vector pMSP3535H3 with a nisin-inducible promoter. (Oddone, 2009).

To assess the immunotherapeutic potential for L. lactis-CFA/I, three clones were identified by Western blot analysis and were found to express similar or more abundant fimbriae than E. coli-CFA/I (strain H695). (Wu, 1995). FIG. 3 illustrates this result.

Groups of B6 mice were induced with CIA and treated upon disease onset with PBS, L. lactis vector, or L. lactis-CFA/I, and a second treatment was given one week later. The L. lactis vector contained a plasmid without the engineered cfaI operon. The L. lactis-CFA/I contained the engineered cfaI operon pBzMM153.

Results

The results of the CIA experiment are illustrated in FIG. 4.

L. lactis-CFA/I-treated mice showed no clinical disease, as demonstrated by the 0 average clinical score exhibited by mice treated with L. lactis-CFA/I. Compare this result to the significantly elevated average clinical scores exhibited by the PBS and L. lactis vector treated mice.

Further, L. lactis-CFA/I treated mice showed no incidence of disease, as demonstrated by the 0 incidence of arthritis score exhibited by mice treated with L. lactis-CFA/I. Compare this result to the significantly elevated incidence of arthritis scores exhibited by the PBS and L. lactis vector treated mice.

Histological examination of the mice tissues confirmed these findings.

FIG. 5 depicts the histological results.

At the termination of the study, total peripheral lymph node (PLN) CD4⁺ T cells were isolated and restimulated in vitro with CII, in the presence of irradiated splenic APCs, and secreted cytokines were measured by ELISA.

L. lactis-CFA/I suppressed IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 and stimulated the regulatory cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-β. These results are depicted in FIG. 6. L. lactis vector also produced the IL-10 and TGF-β cytokines, but was significantly different from L. lactis-CFA/I.

Thus, L. lactis-CFA/I is protective against CIA, showing greater potency than Salmonella-CFA/I or the Lactococcus vector containing a plasmid without the engineered cfaI operon pBzMM153.

II. L. lactis-CFA/I is Only Mildly Immunogenic thus Allowing for Multiple Instillations

The immunogenicity of the L. lactis-CFA/I was tested to determine if repeat doses would be feasible in a subject without the risk of eliciting a major negative immunogenic response.

Experimental Protocol

Mice were dosed twice, as described in Experiment I, with either: (a) L. lactis vector with a plasmid not containing the engineered cfaI operon pBzMM153, (b) L. lactis-CFA/I, or (c) Salmonella-CFA/I.

Results

The Lactococcus vector without the engineered CFA/I operon along with the L. lactis-CFA/I did not elicit serum IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, or IgG2b Ab titers to CFA/I fimbriae. See FIG. 7.

In contrast, Salmonella-CFA/I did elicit a significant immune response. See FIG. 7.

The drastic serum IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b Ab titers elicited by the Salmonella vector expressing ETEC CFA/I fimbriae is demonstrated in Panel B of FIG. 7. The minimal response elicited by Lactococcus expressing ETEC CFA/I fimbriae is demonstrated in Panel A of FIG. 7.

These results suggest that L. lactis-CFA/I does not stimulate Abs to fimbrial Ags and may allow repeated dosing.

III. Expression of E. coli CFA/I Fimbriae in Lactococcus for Treatment of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Recombinant Lactococcus lactis expressing ETEC CFA/I fimbriae, when orally delivered to mice, is able to prevent the symptoms and to block the progression of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE).

Construction of L. lactis-CFA/I Vector

L. lactis-CFA/I vector was constructed as outlined in Example I.

Experimental Protocol

To test its efficacy against EAE, C57L/6 mice were subjected to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced EAE. (Jun, 2005; Ocho-Reparaz, 2007; Ocho-Repáraz, 2008).

On day 6 post-MOG peptide challenge, groups of mice were dosed orally with PBS or 5×10⁸ CFUs of L. lactis vector or L. lactis-CFA/I.

Results

L. lactis-CFA/I-treated mice developed minimal disease, unlike groups treated with PBS or L. lactis vector (P<0.05).

This intervention also resulted in significant reductions in IL-17 and IFN-γ production via the stimulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-β.

Thus, the data provides further evidence that L. lactis-CFA/I, not L. lactis vector, mediates intervention upon EAE via the stimulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines

IV. Electron Microscopy Verifies that ETEC CFA/I Fimbriae are Expressed in L. lactis

EM images were taken of immunogold stained Lactococcus lactis without the pBzMM153 operon and Lactococcus lactis containing the pBzMM153 operon. FIG. 9 depicts the results of this experiment and illustrates that ETEC CFA/I fimbriae are expressed in the recombinant L. lactis-CFA/I bacteria.

V. L. lactis-CFAII Activates Human T_(reg) Cells

Experimentation was performed to establish the capacity of L. lactis-CFA/I to augment human T_(reg) cells. Human peripheral blood dendritic cells (DCs) were isolated from a normal donor and stimulated overnight with 5.0 μg/ml of recombinant L. lactis-CFA/I fimbriae, and then cultured for 4 days with autologous purified CD4⁺ T cells. These were stimulated with anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 mAbs, and the CD4⁺ T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry for increased percentage of FOXP3⁺ IL-10⁺ T_(reg) cells.

The results are illustrated in FIG. 10. The results demonstrate that L. lactis-CFA/I fimbriae were able to stimulate FOXP3⁺ T_(reg) cells by nearly 3-fold, and one-third of these T_(reg) cells produced IL-10. Thus, these results demonstrate that human DCs and CD4⁺ T cells are responsive to L. lactis-CFA/I fimbriae and mimic the murine results in driving and/or activating T_(reg) cells to resolve autoimmune disease.

Experimental Observations

The present inventors have surprisingly been sucessful in manipulating the E. coli cfaI operon—that encodes ETEC CFA/I fimbriae—in such a way as to enable expression of the ETEC CFA/I fimbriae in Lactoccous lactis bacteria.

The successful derivation of the engineered operon pBzMM153 allows for the expression of ETEC CFA/I fimbriae in Lactococcus lactis bacteria.

The results demonstrate that recombiantly engineered Lactococcus lactis expressing ETEC CFA/I fimbriae can be used prophylactically and therapeutically to prevent or block the progression of human autoimmune disorders.

The present disclosure is a signficant advancement in the art that heretofore had been reliant upon problematic Salmonella based fimbrial delivery vectors.

Despite major hurdles in the expression of an entire Gram-negative multi-gene operon into a Gram-positive microorganism, the present inventors have sucessfully achieved such a result.

The previously discussed clinical data were gathered with a double-blind approach, where the scorer was unaware of the experimental design. Experiments were repeated several times by different investigators, which produced identical results. The utilization of a GRAS microorganism, i.e. Lactoccous lactis, eliminates many of the toxicities associated with Gram-negative or Salmonella vaccine vectors.

The results demonstrate that the disclosed recombinant Lactococcus lactis expressing ETEC CFA/I fimbriae, when orally delivered to mice, is able to prevent the symptoms and to block the progression of collagen-induced arthritis. CIA is a model of rheumatoid arthritis and therefore implicates the ability of the recombinant bacteria taught herein to be an effective treatment for this highly pervasive autoimmune disease.

Further, the results demonstrate that the disclosed recombinant Lactococcus lactis expressing ETEC CFA/I fimbriae, when orally delivered to mice, is able to prevent the symptoms and to block the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. EAE is a model for multiple sclerosis and therefore implicates the ability of the recombinant bacteria taught herein to be an effective treatment for this autoimmune disease.

Further, the data demonstrates that L. lactis expressing ETEC CFA/I fimbriae activates human T_(reg) cells.

Thus, the present inventors have illustrated that the recombinant Lactococcus lactis expressing ETEC CFA/I fimbriae have strong potential to act as multi-purpose modulators of pathological immune response in absence of an autoantigen.

Although it is unclear whether the CFA/I fimbriae are fully assembled on the cell surface of the Lactococcus, it is the delivery of the fimbriae to the mucosa, whether fully assembled or unassembled, which likely results in protection against autoimmune insult.

The experimental data also suggests that both components of the secreted fimbrial proteins, CfaB and CfaE are required for immunogenic protection. Without wishing to be bound to a particular theory, the inventors surmise that this could account for why the unassembled fimbriae can confer protection against autoimmune disease.

An added benefit of the present recombinant Lactococcus lactis is that the vector is not very immunogenic. This property of the disclosed recombinant bacteria thus allows for multiple instillations/doses of a therapeutic composition comprising the recombinant bacteria if required.

The data illustrates that protection against autoimmune disease as represented by the CIA and EAE mice models—can be achieved with two doses of the recombinant Lactococcus lactis expressing ETEC CFA/I fimbriae. The amount of recombinant vector required may be dependent upon the type of disease.

In conclusion, the inventors have disclosed a novel GRAS-based therapeutic that can be administered mucosally, e.g., orally, nasally, or sublingually, to treat autoimmune diseases such as arthritis, multiple sclerosis, colitis, diabetes, etc.

For oral delivery, the recombinant Lactococcus lactis ETEC CFA/I fimbrial vector can be used in the preparation of fermented foods, e.g., yogurt, as one feasible delivery instrument.

Given the Lactococcus lactis ETEC CFA/I fimbrial vector's minimal immunogenicity, it can be delivered multiple times as an intervention and possibly be used to enhance conventional drug treatments or, possibly, eliminating their use all together.

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What is claimed is:
 1. A composition for the treatment of an autoimmune or inflammatory disease, comprising: a recombinant lactic acid bacterial cell comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli colonization factor antigen I fimbriae.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the recombinant lactic acid bacterial cell expresses at least one enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli colonization factor antigen I fimbriae gene selected from the group consisting of cfaA, cfaB, cfaC, and cfaE.
 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the recombinant lactic acid bacterial cell expresses the cfaB gene.
 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the recombinant lactic acid bacterial cell expresses the cfaE gene.
 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the recombinant lactic acid bacterial cell expresses the cfaB gene and cfaE gene.
 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the recombinant lactic acid bacterial cell expresses the cfaA gene, cfaB gene, cfaC gene, and cfaE gene.
 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the recombinant lactic acid bacterial cell is a cell from the genus Lactococcus.
 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition induces an anti-inflammatory response in a subject treated with the composition.
 9. A recombinant lactic acid bacterial cell, comprising: a nucleotide sequence coding for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli colonization factor antigen I fimbriae.
 10. The recombinant lactic acid bacterial cell of claim 9, wherein said cell expresses at least one enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli colonization factor antigen I fimbriae gene selected from the group consisting of cfaA, cfaB, cfaC, and cfaE.
 11. The recombinant lactic acid bacterial cell of claim 9, wherein the recombinant lactic acid bacterial cell expresses the cfaB gene.
 12. The recombinant lactic acid bacterial cell of claim 9, wherein the recombinant lactic acid bacterial cell expresses the cfaE gene.
 13. The recombinant lactic acid bacterial cell of claim 9, wherein the recombinant lactic acid bacterial cell expresses the cfaB gene and cfaE gene.
 14. The recombinant lactic acid bacterial cell of claim 9, wherein the recombinant lactic acid bacterial cell expresses the cfaA gene, cfaB gene, cfaC gene, and cfaE gene.
 15. The recombinant lactic acid bacterial cell of claim 9, wherein the recombinant lactic acid bacterial cell is a cell from the genus Lactococcus.
 16. A method for treating or preventing an autoimmune or inflammatory disease in a subject, comprising: administering to the subject the composition of claim
 1. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the level of a regulatory cytokine selected from IL-10 or TGF-β in the subject is increased upon said administering, as compared to the level of the regulatory cytokine IL-10 or TGF-β present in the subject before said administering.
 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the level of at least one cytokine selected from the group consisting of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 is decreased upon said administering, as compared to the level of at least one of the cytokines selected from the group consisting of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 present in the subject before said administering.
 19. A method for producing a composition for the treatment of an autoimmune or inflammatory disease, comprising: (a) introducing a nucleotide sequence coding for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli colonization factor antigen I fimbriae into a recipient lactic acid bacterial cell.
 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising: (b) culturing the lactic acid bacterial cell under conditions which allow for expression of the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli colonization factor antigen I fimbriae. 